But Moses pleaded with the Lord, “O Lord, I’m not very good with words. I never have been, and I’m not now, even though you have spoken to me. I get tongue-tied, and my words get tangled” (Exodus 4:10).

“But Lord!” Moses objected. “My own people won’t listen to me anymore. How can I expect Pharaoh to listen? I’m such a clumsy speaker!” (Exodus 6:12).

But Moses argued with the Lord, saying, “I can’t do it! I’m such a clumsy speaker! Why should Pharaoh listen to me?” (Exodus 6:30).

Three times Moses complained to God about his ineptitude in speech. He must have really been a poor speaker or at least a very self-conscious one. Remember, Paul also had a similar testimony:

For some say, "Paul's letters are demanding and forceful, but in person he is weak, and his speeches are worthless!" (2 Corinthians 10:10).

Yet, in spite of their unimpressive speech, next to Jesus, these were perhaps the two most influential people in the world. 

I am reminded of this Scripture from Paul:

Brothers and sisters, think of what you were when you were called.Not many of you were wise by human standards; not many were influential; not many were of noble birth. But God chose the foolish things of the world to shame the wise; God chose the weak things of the world to shame the strong. God chose the lowly things of this world and the despised things—and the things that are not—to nullify the things that are, so that no one may boast before him. It is because of him that you are in Christ Jesus, who has become for us wisdom from God—that is, our righteousness, holiness and redemption (2 Corinthians 1:26-30).

God chooses us not in spite of our weakness but because of our weakness, so that His power, His wisdom, and His grace may be magnified. It is not about us. It is all about making much of Him. So Paul also testifies,

But he said to me, "My grace is sufficient for you, for my power is made perfect in weakness." Therefore I will boast all the more gladly about my weaknesses, so that Christ's power may rest on me (2 Corinthians 12:9).

Therefore, friends, let us not complain about our weaknesses or our inadequacies or our shortcomings. Instead, let us declare our complete and daily dependence upon the Lord and build our confidence on the strong foundation of His providence and grace!

But Pharaoh said, “Who is the Lord that I should obey His voice to let Israel go? I do not know theLord, and besides, I will not let Israel go” (Exodus 5:2).

Pharaoh's reasoning seems perfectly sound at this point. He does not know the LORD or His power to do him harm for disobeying His commands; therefore, he feels no compulsion to obey Him. Now, Pharaoh will soon experience first hand the power of the LORD. At that point, he will have no excuse. 

Friends, as witnesses, who have experienced God's transformative grace in our hearts, we are commanded to tell people about Jesus. Yet, we should not be surprised if people do not believe what we say. Why should they? They do not know the LORD and have not experienced His transformative grace in their hearts. In this sense, we are like Moses and Aaron. We are simply called to proclaim, not necessarily to persuade anyone. 

In fact, when we try to use worldly devices to persuade people, it sometimes gets in the way of God's supernatural work. When we try to use flashy productions, programs and rhetoric, and when these are then replicated by others with their own claims, it takes away from the credibility of our supernatural message. 

It is like Moses' initial signs. His staff turned into snakes, but then the Pharaoh's magicians did the same thing (cf. Exodus 7:10-13). Why would Pharaoh obey a God, whose "miracles" can be replicated by his own magicians? 

Will someone believe in Christ because church people were nice to them. Buddhists and Mormons are really nice as well. Will someone believe in Christ because they like the cool songs. Or will they believe because their kids like the fun Sunday School productions? Disney has some really cool programs for children as well. And when people realize that they can get the same benefits from non-Christian sources, what will happen to their so-called faith?

Transformation is supernatural. Paul made such a distinction when he wrote to the believers in Corinth:

When I came to you, I did not come with eloquence or human wisdom as I proclaimed to you the testimony about God. For I resolved to know nothing while I was with you except Jesus Christ and him crucified. I came to you in weakness with great fear and trembling. My message and my preaching were not with wise and persuasive words, but with a demonstration of the Spirit’s power, so that your faith might not rest on human wisdom, but on God’s power (1 Corinthians 2:1-5).

The persuasion does not come by wise words. It does not come by fancy productions. It does not come by helpful counseling. It comes by the power of God. Otherwise, people's faith would have been built on the flimsy ground of human wisdom. 

Friends, let us then be concerned with proclamation more than worldly persuasion. Even if our promotional efforts brought thousands to faith, these efforts may in the end count for nought because their faith was based on wordly wisdom rather than on God's power. 

Then the Lord said to Moses, “Go, tell Pharaoh king of Egypt to let the Israelites go out of his country.”But Moses said to the Lord, “If the Israelites will not listen to me, why would Pharaoh listen to me, since I speak with faltering lips?”

I see frustration on Moses' part for the grand project of saving the Israelites out of the oppression.  As Moses and Aaron went to see the Pharao first time, they may have had the expection that the Pharao would let the Israelites go right away!  What their first visit brought about was no where near their expectation but even worse than prior to it.  Frustration obscures God's whole plan and His proceeding of it in his eyes even though God clearly told him that He "will harden his heart so that he will not let the people go."  Now Moses goes into the self-pity mode about his faltering speaking skill, blaming God for the harsh teatment of the Israelites, even after God's reassurance of the delivery.  I see that's my problem as well! Many promises have been given to us by God who is more than capable of keeping them because that is who He is.  I still falter in my walk with Him and feel grouchy toward my loving Father!  Thank you, Father, for your patience!

But he said, “Please, Lord, now send the message by whomever You will.” (Exodus 4:13, or as NIV renders it, "Pardon your servant, Lord. Please send someone else.").

But Moses spoke before the Lord, saying, “Behold, the sons of Israel have not listened to me; how then will Pharaoh listen to me, for I am unskilled in speech? (Exodus 6:12).

But Moses said before the Lord, “Behold, I am unskilled in speech; how then will Pharaoh listen to me?” (Exodus 6:30).

If anyone suffered low self-esteem, Moses certainly did. Three times it is recorded that Moses did not want to be God's spokesman. Even when God told him that He would serve as Moses' mouth and teach him what he was to say, Moses still protested the call (cf. Exodus 4:11-13). The task of speaking and even the performing of miracles then fell upon Moses' brother Aaron (cf. Exodus 4:30). It appears over time that Moses gained the confidence that he initially lacked, for while in the early speeches and miracles before Pharoah, Aaron spoke and performed, Moses would do so on the latter occasions.

I am amazed with God's patience with Moses. He could have used someone else, even just Aaron, but He continually worked with and through Moses until the assignment for which he was called to do was completed. 

Friends, we disqualify ourselves for the work of the Lord in many and sundry ways, but God will accomplish His purposes in and through us in spite of this. Therefore, let us not worry about God achieving His good, holy and perfect will through us. He will. Rather, let us be more concerned with our part, if we are pliant, trusting and obedient or stubborn, doubting and rebellious. 

Father, give me a heart of flesh and not of stone. Let me be pliable and not brittle in your hands. Forgive my foolish disobedience and stubborn rebellion. Though it cost me everything, which is really nothing at all, let me follow Your leading with all my heart.

The Lord said to Moses, “When you go back to Egypt see that you perform before Pharaoh all the wonders which I have put in your power; but I will harden his heart so that he will not let the people go (Exodus 4:21).

The argument goes that we cannot accept that God hardened Pharoah's heart because that would make God culpable in Pharoah's guilt. Therefore, some have tried to argue that Pharaoh hardened his heart first, and then God hardened it. While this is true, it is not the best way to explain God's involvement with Pharaoh. It is not so much that Pharoah sinned and God just made him sin a bit more, it is better to say that God directed Pharoah's sinfulness and evil to achieve His purposes. In fact, this is why even before Pharoah had an opportunity to first harden his heart, God already announced that He would harden Pharoah's heart (Exodus 4:21). He would do this so that He could display His wonders to Israel. This is what we read in Exodus 9:16,

But I have raised you up for this very purpose, that I might show you my power and that my name might be proclaimed in all the earth.

Pharoah was born for this moment in history. Did Pharoah have opportunity for salvation? Absolutely not! He was born, like Judas Iscariot, to be used by God to afflict Israel and to harden his heart against Moses' appeals to let the people go, so that God could manifest His great and awesome power to His people and all the world in delivering Israel from bondage to Egypt. In fact, God foretold this to Abraham in Genesis 15:13-14,

Then the Lord said to him, “Know for certain that for four hundred years your descendants will be strangers in a country not their own and that they will be enslaved and mistreated there. But I will punish the nation they serve as slaves, and afterward they will come out with great possessions.

Now, does this make God unjust because Pharaoh did not have the opportunity to receive God's mercy? How about the fact that God led Israel into hundreds of years of affliction? Absolutely not! God is God, which means He can do whatever He pleases. His very Name suggests this:

And the Lord said, “I will cause all my goodness to pass in front of you, and I will proclaim my name, the Lord, in your presence. I will have mercy on whom I will have mercy, and I will have compassion on whom I will have compassion (Exodus 33:19).

This expression of God's Name and His sovereign purposes is echoed by Paul in Romans 9:14-18,

What then shall we say? Is God unjust? Not at all! For he says to Moses,
“I will have mercy on whom I have mercy,
and I will have compassion on whom I have compassion.”
It does not, therefore, depend on human desire or effort, but on God’s mercy. For Scripture says to Pharaoh: “I raised you up for this very purpose, that I might display my power in you and that my name might be proclaimed in all the earth.”Therefore God has mercy on whom he wants to have mercy, and he hardens whom he wants to harden.

Many cannot accept this because they have a too high view of themselves. They think that people are just as sovereign in their choices as God is, that people have ultimate control over their destinies. Yet, we do not realize that when we think like this, we are like chickens running around with their heads cut off. As helpless as chickens in a coop, we are not much different, except for the grace and promises of God by which some of us are saved. This is why Paul also writes,

One of you will say to me: “Then why does God still blame us? For who is able to resist his will?” But who are you, a human being, to talk back to God? “Shall what is formed say to the one who formed it, ‘Why did you make me like this?’" Does not the potter have the right to make out of the same lump of clay some pottery for special purposes and some for common use?

I used chickens as my analogy. Paul used clay. So he went even further to burst the bubble of human pride. Why does God work like this? I think it is to clearly show us, His creation, that He alone is God and we are not. This is how God worked throughout biblical history:

But God chose the foolish things of the world to shame the wise; God chose the weak things of the world to shame the strong. God chose the lowly things of this world and the despised things—and the things that are not—to nullify the things that are, so that no one may boast before him. It is because of him that you are in Christ Jesus, who has become for us wisdom from God—that is, our righteousness, holiness and redemption. Therefore, as it is written: “Let the one who boasts boast in the Lord.” (1 Corinthians 1:27-31).

Friends, it is simply, completely, and only "because of God that you are in Christ Jesus"! Therefore, stop boasting as if your saving faith is your own. Paul would also rebuke the Corinthians in this regard:

For who makes you different from anyone else? What do you have that you did not receive? And if you did receive it, why do you boast as though you did not? (1 Corinthians 4:7).

You only believe because God called you (John 6:44,65). And you are called because God had already chosen you before the foundation of the world (Romans 8:30; Ephesians 1:4). Therefore, all of us that recognize this glorious truth, who are secured by God in the hope of eternal salvation, let us boast in nothing else except the Lord, who has chosen us, called us, and saved us.

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After Moses' initial meeting with Pharoah, Pharoah increases the burden on the Israelites, and so Israel complains to Moses and Moses complains to God:

Then Moses returned to the Lord and said, “O Lord, why have You brought harm to this people? Why did You ever send me? Ever since I came to Pharaoh to speak in Your name, he has done harm to this people, and You have not delivered Your people at all.” (Exodus 5:22-23)

God then promises deliverance, but Israel refuses to listen to Moses because of their hardship. Then Moses again complains to God:

But Moses spoke before the Lord, saying, “Behold, the sons of Israel have not listened to me; how then will Pharaoh listen to me, for I am unskilled in speech?” (Exodus 6:12; cf. 6:30; 4:10).

Why? Why? Why? Why did we have to suffer hundreds of years of tortuous bondage under a pagan ruler? Why do we have to endure Pharoah's increased burden? Why am I being sent to give false hope to the people? Why did you choose someone like me, who is slow of speech, to speak to Pharoah?

Why did God afflict righteous Job by taking away his wealth and his children and by afflicting him with painful boils? God did return everything in the end, albeit "new" children, but why did He make him suffer in the first place? Why did Israel have to hunger, thirst and eat strange food (i.e. manna) for forty years in the wilderness? It appears that He did not kill them instantly because Moses interceded for the people, but then He kills them all anyway over a grueling forty-year span of wandering in the desert? Why did Israel have to fight a long war when God said that He had given the Promised Land to them? Couldn't God simply have decimated all the Canaanites with a word (or with fire and brimstone) and given them the land without any fighting? Why did Jesus have to stay hungry in the wilderness? What's the big deal if He turned the stone into bread to satisfy His hunger? Why did Jesus have to be crucified? Couldn't He simply have died in His sleep or died a painless and quick death? We can ask a hundred more questions like this. What is the answer?

May I suggest this answer, though it may not satisfy everyone? God is God, and He does whatever He pleases. All that He does is right, because He is God and never has to justify Himself. When He gives reasons for things, it is for our benefit or harm, not His. He always accomplishes His purposes and is glorified in everything, even in those that rebel against Him. God wants us to understand this, humble ourselves, and simply trust and obey Him with whatever lot we are given in life:

He humbled you, causing you to hunger and then feeding you with manna, which neither you nor your ancestors had known, to teach you that man does not live on bread alone but on every word that comes from the mouth of the LORD (Deuteronomy 8:3).

We exist because God has spoken us into existence. We live because God has supplied food to sustain us. We grow physically because God has given us bodies that can properly process the food we eat. We die because God has ordained physical life to end. Some of us will enjoy eternal paradise because God has chosen some to be with Him throughout eternity. The rest will suffer eternal torment because, in keeping with our Adamic heritage, we naturally rebel against the Lord.

If God is for us, no one can stand against us. If God is against us, no one can help us. Here is the whole conclusion of the matter:

Fear God and keep His commandments. This is the duty of all mankind. For God will bring every deed into judgment, including every hidden thing, whether it is good or evil. (Ecclesiastes 12:13-14).

I'm just like Moses....

God said "Im going to use you in an awesome way." And Moses said, "Uh....uh.... uh....Who?....ME? It can't be me!!!!  God, You got the wrong guy!!! I didn't take any public speaking courses at Nile University!!"

 Moses gives his excuses exactly like most of us do: one right after another! First it's "Suppose they won't listen?" God's answer is "Then I will turn your stick into a snake, and I will make your hand turn leprous!" Then it's: "But I get tongue tied!" And God's answer is "I will be your mouth, and teach you what you have to say!" Moses' then pleads for God to use someone else, anyone else but Moses!

But God says "Then Im going to use Aaron to speak, but you are still going! You are going to be the silent Partner, and you are also going to have my authority."

The Lord told Moses ahead of time that this would not be an easy task. He warned him that Pharoah's heart was going to be hard before Moses ever left Midian. Can I speak a moment about Pharoah? Pharoah in that time period didn't know Joseph, didn't know that the Israeli tribe had once saved his entire land, and he didn't know God. All he saw was a work force, that he would rather enslave than eliminate, useful for expanding an empire that had taken over a lot of Africa at that time. Pharoah was also competing with his ancestors as to who could rule the best.

At first, all Moses asked Pharoah for was their people to go into the desert. Pharoah sees his workforce disappearing, and he says, "These people don't have enough to do if they want to go into the desert! I'll make their work harder, and they'll stop this whining to me. Maybe they will blame these two men and kick them out."

So he does. And the Israelites are worse off than before.

So Moses gets an earful from the elders. So Moses gives God an earful. And the Lord says, "You are going to see my might. He's going to let them go, it's just going to take a while."

Why does it say that the Lord remembered his Covenant with Abraham, Isaac, and Jacob? Does that mean he wasn't with them? Or they had forgotten him? I believe he hadn't forgotten them, but they had forgotten him until they found themselves no longer free, but slave labor in a work force where they were probably treated pretty rotten. Maybe God would have left them alone if if only a few had been in bondage. But the entire nation of Israel had forgotten God, and God has to remind them, as he reminded Abraham, Isaac, Jacob, and Joseph, just who He is and what he can do.

The process of their freedom from slavery was God's wake up call to Israel! REMEMBER ME!!! I AM THE GOD OF YOUR PATRIARCHS!!!! I LED YOU HERE, AND I WILL DELIVER YOU! I AM WHO I AM!!!!" And over and over God freed the Israelites, and over and over they were put back into bondage by their own actions, or circumstances relating to their forgetfulness of God. We see this all over the Old Testament, and in the New Testament. When they forgot God, that is when He had to remind them. That is why God judges Israel over and over in the Old Testament. That is why he judges nations even today.

What we have as gentiles in our Relationship to Christ, rather than the apathetic religion going on in many of our churches, is  based on what God has done for us, not what we can do for God. God didn't have to free the Israelites. He could have left them in bondage and then done something completely crazy like make them rulers over Egypt. But he had a better idea. He would give them their home land, that housed their ancestors, and he would lead them. And they would follow him.... Mostly.

Isn't that like you and I? We are given a choice every day. Oftentimes it doesn't turn out too well if we stray from God. But, He is like the Prodigal's father, waiting at the house for his Child to come home. Praise the Lord for spiritual freedom. Our freedom wasn't bought by what we do, but who we know, and we are reminded of this every day.

Exudos 4:21

The LORD said to Moses, “When you return to Egypt, see that you perform before Pharaoh all the wonders I have given you the power to do. But I will harden his heart so that he will not let the people go.

"The Lord is my Joy."  There is something reassuring when I face a struggle or an obstacle to consider that I am covered in God's Sovereignty.  I may face an angry client, or a hostile parent, or simply a stubborn/blind heart, but these are all within reach of God.  In obedience to God's Word, the Spirit will give me words, actions, and better yet, results.  They may not be glorious or what I wanted, but I am cared for by my Father.

In Exodus 5:22-23 the honest frusteration is expressed by Moses, "Why have you brought all this trouble ? Why did you send me? Ever since I came Pharaoh has been more brutal."  Then again in Chapter 6:9, you see that the people have turned from Moses.

I am to do what the Lord would have done, and bear through the unpleasant times.  He tells us how much better he is as our Parent, better he is as our King, better he is as our Teacher; if God spoke it, it is as good as already done, there is a peace and joy that makes possible enduring strife. 

Friends,

This passage is a good one to illustrate another feature of this site.  In the Resources>Online Articles section  of this site, I have provided a link to a good article that seeks to answer the question, "Why did God try to kill Moses?" My personal hope is that as you read the Scriptures daily, you will add good and relevant web links that you find, which will help others better understand the Word.

On another matter, God tells Moses in Exodus 6:3, "I appeared to Abraham, to Isaac, and to Jacob, as God Almighty (lit. El Shaddai), but by My name LORD (lit. Yahweh) I was not known to them." A contemporary writer, Bart Ehrman, points to this as one of the contradictions in the Bible since in Genesis 15:7 God clearly tells Abraham, “I am the LORD, who brought you out of Ur of the Chaldeans, to give you this land to inherit it.” How could God say that He did not reveal Himself as LORD when He clearly did to Abraham?

I will go even further than Ehrman and say that God's Name, LORD, is used numerous times in Genesis, referenced in the narrative, and found in the mouths of the Patriarchs, as well as God. If Ehrman wants to make a case for a contradiction, he should note that on just this one point alone there are no less than 162 contradictions in Genesis, for that's how often this Name appears. For such a profound work as Genesis and Exodus, if Ehrman is correct, Moses was an exceptionally sloppy writer. But, of course, Ehrman is wrong. He is like the scholars that try to point out that Solomon contradicts himself in Proverbs 26:4-5, as if the wisest man in the world could not even separate his contradiction by at least several chapters. Understand that people who search for contradictions in the Bible will certainly find them.

For those that do not share Ehrman's unbelief, here's how we should understand Exodus 6:3. In what sense would they know the LORD in a way that they have never known Him before? When we read the context (cf. Exodus 6:4-8), we learn that God will reveal Himself by delivering them out of Egypt, establishing them as His people, and fulfilling His covenant to give them the land of promise. Prior to the Exodus, they were a family (about 70) but not a people (approx. 2.5 million). They were nomads in the desert and slaves in a foreign land, but now they would become a nation of people in their own land. Prior to the Exodus, they received the promises of God, but now God would begin to fulfill them. They knew of the LORD in faith, trusting His Word, but now they would know the LORD by the experience of His great works

We could say the same for our experience with the Lord Jesus. At one time we knew of Him and may even have attended church for many years with this knowledge, but until we experienced the regeneration of the Holy Spirit in conversion, we did not know Him. And even now, the way we know Him will not be the same as when we will know Him in the resurrection, when we see Him face to face and receive the glory that He promised to those who believe.

For those of you hungry for more, here's a good footnote from the Net Bible on Exodus 6:3:

First, it is important to note that “I am Yahweh” is not a new revelation of a previously unknown name. It would be introduced differently if it were. This is the identification of the covenant God as the one calling Moses – that would be proof for the people that their God had called him.

Second, the title “El Shadday” is not a name, but a title. It is true that in the patriarchal accounts “El Shadday” is used six times; in Job it is used thirty times. Many conclude that it does reflect the idea of might or power. In some of those passages that reveal God as “El Shadday,” the name “Yahweh” was also used. 

Third, the texts of Genesis show that Yahweh had appeared to the patriarchs (Gen 12:1, 17:1, 18:1, 26:2, 26:24, 26:12, 35:1, 48:3), and that he spoke to each one of them (Gen 12:7, 15:1, 26:2, 28:13, 31:3). The name “Yahweh” occurs 162 times in Genesis, 34 of those times on the lips of speakers in Genesis (W. C. Kaiser, Jr., “Exodus,” EBC 2:340-41). They also made proclamation of Yahweh by name (4:26, 12:8), and they named places with the name (22:14). These passages should not be ignored or passed off as later interpretation.

Fourth, “Yahweh” is revealed as the God of power, the sovereign God, who was true to his word and could be believed. He would do as he said (Num 23:19; 14:35; Exod 12:25; 22:24; 24:14; 36:36; 37:14).

Fifth, there is a difference between promise and fulfillment in the way revelation is apprehended. The patriarchs were individuals who received the promises but without the fulfillment. The fulfillment could only come after the Israelites became a nation. Now, in Egypt, they are ready to become that promised nation. The two periods were not distinguished by not having and by having the name, but by two ways God revealed the significance of his name. “I am Yahweh” to the patriarchs indicated that he was the absolute, almighty, eternal God. The patriarchs were individuals sojourning in the land. God appeared to them in the significance of El Shadday. That was not his name. So Gen 17:1 says that “Yahweh appeared…and said, ‘I am El Shadday.’” See also Gen 35:11, 48:2, 28:3.

Sixth, the verb “to know” is never used to introduce a name which had never been known or experienced. The Niphal and Hiphil of the verb are used only to describe the recognition of the overtones or significance of the name (see Jer 16:21, Isa 52:6; Ps 83:17ff; 1 Kgs 8:41ff. [people will know his name when prayers are answered]). For someone to say that he knew Yahweh meant that Yahweh had been experienced or recognized (see Exod 33:6; 1 Kgs 18:36; Jer 28:9; and Ps 76:2).

Seventh, “Yahweh” is not one of God’s names – it is his only name. Other titles, like “El Shadday,” are not strictly names but means of revealing Yahweh. All the revelations to the patriarchs could not compare to this one, because God was now dealing with the nation. He would make his name known to them through his deeds (see Ezek 20:5). So now they will “know” the “name.” The verb יָדַע (yada’) means more than “aware of, be knowledgeable about”; it means “to experience” the reality of the revelation by that name. This harmonizes with the usage of שֵׁם (shem), “name,” which encompasses all the attributes and actions of God. It is not simply a reference to a title, but to the way that God revealed himself – God gave meaning to his name through his acts. God is not saying that he had not revealed a name to the patriarchs (that would have used the Hiphil of the verb). Rather, he is saying that the patriarchs did not experience what the name Yahweh actually meant, and they could not without seeing it fulfilled. When Moses came to the elders, he identified his call as from Yahweh, the God of the fathers – and they accepted him. They knew the name. But, when they were delivered from bondage, then they fully knew by experience what that name meant, for his promises were fulfilled. U. Cassuto (Exodus, 79) paraphrases it this way: “I revealed Myself to Abraham, Isaac, and Jacob in My aspect that finds expression in the name Shaddai…I was not known to them, that is, it was not given to them to recognize Me as One that fulfills his promises.” This generation was about to “know” the name that their ancestors knew and used, but never experienced with the fulfillment of the promises. This section of Exodus confirms this interpretation, because in it God promised to bring them out of Egypt and give them the promised land – then they would know that he is Yahweh (6:7). This meaning should have been evident from its repetition to the Egyptians throughout the plagues – that they might know Yahweh (e.g., 7:5). See further R. D. Wilson, “Yahweh [Jehovah] and Exodus 6:3,” Classical Evangelical Essays in Old Testament Interpretation, 29-40; L. A. Herrboth, “Exodus 6:3b: Was God Known to the Patriarchs as Jehovah?” CTM 4 (1931): 345-49; F. C. Smith, “Observation on the Use of the Names and Titles of God in Genesis,” EvQ 40 (1968): 103-9.